In what way do invasive species affect nutrient cycling?

Invasive species affect nutrient cycling primarily by disrupting ecological interactions within an environment. When these species are introduced, they often outcompete native plants and organisms for resources such as nutrients, water, and light. This competitive advantage can lead to a decline in native populations, altering the structure and function of the ecosystem.

The disruption can manifest in several ways. For example, invasive species may utilize nutrients differently than native species, which can change the nutrient dynamics of the soil. They may also alter soil chemistry or microbial communities, leading to changes in nutrient availability. This imbalance can affect the cycling of vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, ultimately impacting the growth and health of native flora and fauna.

In contrast, the other options suggest benefits or neutrality, which do not reflect the commonly understood impacts of invasive species on nutrient cycling. Thus, recognizing the competitive edge that invasive species have over native organisms is crucial to understanding their disruptive role in ecosystems.