What are the main processes involved in decomposition?

The primary processes involved in decomposition are indeed fragmentation, ingestion, and excretion of waste.

Fragmentation refers to the breaking down of organic matter into smaller pieces, which is a crucial step in making the material more accessible to decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria. This process increases the surface area of the organic matter, facilitating the next steps in the decomposition process.

Ingestion involves the consumption of organic material by decomposers. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down complex organic compounds into simpler substances. This microbial activity plays a fundamental role in recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Excretion of waste is also a vital part of the decomposition cycle. As decomposers break down organic material, they convert it into simpler compounds, including organic and inorganic substances that can be assimilated by plants. The waste products released during this process are nutrient-rich and contribute to soil fertility.

Together, these processes facilitate nutrient cycling within ecosystems, ensuring that essential nutrients are returned to the soil, where they can support new plant growth.