Which of the following best describes decomposition?

The breakdown of chemical bonds in organic molecules is a fundamental aspect of decomposition. During decomposition, organic matter—such as dead plants, animals, and other biological materials—undergoes chemical and biological transformations. Microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, play a crucial role in this process by breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules. This breakdown releases nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil, making them available for uptake by living plants. Furthermore, the process of decomposition helps to cycle nutrients, ensuring the continuous replenishment of soil fertility.

In contrast, the other options focus on different processes. Nutrient absorption by roots pertains to how plants take up essential nutrients from the soil, while organic matter buildup refers to the accumulation of decomposed material, which is not explicitly the process of decomposition itself. Lastly, the formation of new plant tissues describes the growth aspect of plants using the nutrients available after decomposition, rather than the decomposition process itself.